Menopause is officially diagnosed when a woman has gone 12 months without a menstrual period (Santoro et al., 2021). The time leading up to menopause, known as perimenopause, can last several years, during which symptoms begin to emerge. As the ovaries stop producing an egg each month, they reduce the production of numerous hormones, mainly oestrogen. Oestrogen not only affects the reproductive system but is involved in many systems throughout the body, affecting everything from temperature regulation and metabolism to bone density and heart health (Bermingham et al., 2023; Santoro et al., 2021).

Diet plays an essential role in balancing hormones, easing symptoms, and reducing disease risk associated with menopause such as cardiovascular disease and osteoporosis (Bermingham et al., 2023). Research indicates that vasomotor symptoms are exacerbated by obesity and a high intake of fat and sugar (Herber-Gast et al., 2013). Consequently, weight loss and improved dietary habits have been shown to reduce symptoms (Yelland et al., 2023; Kroenke et al., 2012).

Phytoestrogens are plant-based compounds that mimic oestrogen in the body. Incorporating phytoestrogen-rich foods such as soy and linseed / flaxseed regularly into the diet can help mitigate vasomotor symptoms such as hot flushes (Barnard et al., 2021). To support heart health, including omega-3 fatty acids (found in oily fish such as salmon and mackerel) and dietary fibre (found in plant-based foods such as vegetables, fruits, whole grains, pulses, nuts, and seeds) is crucial (NICE 2008). Adequate calcium and vitamin D intake is essential for bone health (Cano et al., 2018). Calcium-rich foods include dairy products (yoghurt, milk, cheese etc.), dairy alternatives fortified with calcium, and fish with edible bones such as sardines and tinned salmon. Vitamin D aids calcium absorption and small amounts are found in oily fish, cod liver oil and some fortified foods. However, the main source of vitamin D is made in the skin under sunlight. Vitamin D deficiency is common and so, including a supplement can be beneficial here (Holick et al., 2007). The microbes in the gut microbiome play a role in maintaining hormonal balance (Bermingham et al., 2023). Good bacteria found in probiotics and fermented foods such as kefir and kombucha and prebiotic fibres such as inulin and fructooligosaccharide (FOS) help to keep the gut microbiome healthy. Hydration is important for all bodily systems; even mild dehydration can impact mood and alertness. Aim to drink at least 1.5 – 2 litres of water daily and more when the weather is hot. Embracing dietary patterns from the Mediterranean or Nordic Diet, which emphasise an abundance of plant-based foods (providing fibre, vitamins, minerals and antioxidants), along with lean proteins and healthy fats, can aid weight loss and alleviate menopause symptoms while promoting heart, gut, and skin health (Cano et al., 2020; Herber-Gast et al., 2013).

While diet is pivotal, managing menopause symptoms requires a holistic approach. Regular physical activity, especially weight-bearing exercises such as walking, running, lunges, squats etc., supports bone health, helps to maintain muscle mass, boosts metabolism and improves mood (WHO 2020; Anderson et al., 2013). Practices like yoga and meditation can help manage stress and improve sleep quality. Ensuring consistent, quality sleep is essential to allow the body to recover and regulate hormones effectively (Watson et al., 2015). Adopting a holistic approach with a focus on good nutrition and lifestyle habits can help you to navigate this natural phase of life with confidence and wellbeing.

Caroline Cummins MSc is a Registered Nutritionist and a member of Oriflame’s Nutrition Council.

Anderson, E., and Shivakumar, G. (2013). Effects of exercise and physical activity on anxiety. Frontiers in psychiatry, 4, 27. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2013.00027 Barnard, N. D., Kahleova, H., Holtz, D. N., Del Aguila, F., Neola, M., Crosby, L. M., and Holubkov, R. (2021). The Women's Study for the Alleviation of Vasomotor Symptoms (WAVS): a randomized, controlled trial of a plant-based diet and whole soybeans for postmenopausal women. Menopause (New York, N.Y.), 28(10), 1150–1156. https://doi.org/10.1097/GME.0000000000001812 Bermingham, K. M., Linenberg, I., Hall, W. L., Kadé, K., Franks, P. W., Davies, R., Wolf, J., Hadjigeorgiou, G., Asnicar, F., Segata, N., Manson, J. E., Newson, L. R., Delahanty, L. M., Ordovas, J. M., Chan, A. T., Spector, T. D., Valdes, A. M., and Berry, S. E. (2022). Menopause is associated with postprandial metabolism, metabolic health and lifestyle: The ZOE PREDICT study. EBioMedicine, 85, 104303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.104303 Cano, A., Chedraui, P., Goulis, D. G., Lopes, P., Mishra, G., Mueck, A., Senturk, L. M., Simoncini, T., Stevenson, J. C., Stute, P., Tuomikoski, P., Rees, M., and Lambrinoudaki, I. (2018). Calcium in the prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis: EMAS clinical guide. Maturitas, 107, 7–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2017.10.004 Cano, A., Marshall, S., Zolfaroli, I., Bitzer, J., Ceausu, I., Chedraui, P., Durmusoglu, F., Erkkola, R., Goulis, D. G., Hirschberg, A. L., Kiesel, L., Lopes, P., Pines, A., van Trotsenburg, M., Lambrinoudaki, I., and Rees, M. (2020). The Mediterranean diet and menopausal health: An EMAS position statement. Maturitas, 139, 90–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2020.07.001 Greendale, G. A., Sternfeld, B., Huang, M., Han, W., Karvonen-Gutierrez, C., Ruppert, K., Cauley, J. A., Finkelstein, J. S., Jiang, S. F., and Karlamangla, A. S. (2019). Changes in body composition and weight during the menopause transition. JCI insight, 4(5), e124865. https://doi.org/10.1172/jci.insight.124865 Herber-Gast, G. C., and Mishra, G. D. (2013). Fruit, Mediterranean-style, and high-fat and -sugar diets are associated with the risk of night sweats and hot flushes in midlife: results from a prospective cohort study. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 97(5), 1092–1099. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.112.049965 Holick M. F. (2007). Vitamin D deficiency. The New England journal of medicine, 357(3), 266–281. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra070553 Kroenke, C. H., Caan, B. J., Stefanick, M. L., Anderson, G., Brzyski, R., Johnson, K. C., LeBlanc, E., Lee, C., La Croix, A. Z., Park, H. L., Sims, S. T., Vitolins, M., and Wallace, R. (2012). Effects of a dietary intervention and weight change on vasomotor symptoms in the Women's Health Initiative. Menopause (New York, N.Y.), 19(9), 980–988. https://doi.org/10.1097/gme.0b013e31824f606e NICE (National Institute for Health and Care Excellence). (2015) Menopause: Diagnosis and Management [NG2023] Available from https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng23/resources/menopause-diagnosis-and-management-pdf-1837330217413 [Accessed 21 February 2024] National Clinical Guideline Centre (UK). (2014). Lipid Modification: Cardiovascular Risk Assessment and the Modification of Blood Lipids for the Primary and Secondary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (UK). Santoro, N., Roeca, C., Peters, B. A., and Neal-Perry, G. (2021). The Menopause Transition: Signs, Symptoms, and Management Options. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism, 106(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1210/clinem/dgaa764 Takahashi, T. A., and Johnson, K. M. (2015). Menopause. The Medical clinics of North America, 99(3), 521–534. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mcna.2015.01.006 Watson, N. F., Badr, M. S., Belenky, G., Bliwise, D. L., Buxton, O. M., Buysse, D., Dinges, D. F., Gangwisch, J., Grandner, M. A., Kushida, C., Malhotra, R. K., Martin, J. L., Patel, S. R., Quan, S. F., and Tasali, E. (2015). Recommended Amount of Sleep for a Healthy Adult: A Joint Consensus Statement of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine and Sleep Research Society. Sleep, 38(6), 843–844. https://doi.org/10.5665/sleep.4716 World Health Organisation (WHO). (2020). Global recommendations on physical activity for health. Available at https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/44399/9789241599979_eng.pdf?sequence=1 Yelland, S., Steenson, S., Creedon, A. and Stanner, S. (2023) The role of diet in managing menopausal symptoms: A narrative review. Nutrition Bulletin, 48, 43–65. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/nbu.12607